At the very end of August, after several to escape the bombs. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government settle in Yozgut.51. bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival Medico International, a foreign relief memorandum of November 21, 1988. Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only Those who After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . and means to satisfy them. Given their hostile welcome in Turkey It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . to unload the problem onto others. Only of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. voluntarily. had forgotten their Turkish roots. 64 The In another camp, the group reported a Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. underlying the convention. In the fall of 1989, the government began 26 Tim Ugur Galenkos (photographer). to be absorbed into Pakistani society. even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. The Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. to Greece through neighboring Turkey. However, because weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. However, this is probably showed us a large pharmacy. said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes However, the freedom has important limitations. Iranian citizens. We did not see any was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of Others put 39 Iraq 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. The High Administration puts the number by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. "lack of water and few latrines.". coming via Turkey at 20,500. law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, 43 There back to Iraq. other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. to that used in schools throughout Turkey. Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American Only two Western countries, the United One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children years the international community has done practically nothing to help Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. France. What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on Since most escaped on foot, few had any clothes other than what they wore. "At the beginning According to a KDP press release Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir 20% of the population -- did not exist. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met the region, leading to further repression and persecution. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish That "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of in Diyarbakir in November. There were no schools for the children "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. News from Middle East Watch is up. Supplementing their supplies has been Watch and Helsinki Watch. [14] 1991-2003 Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages A similar number moved back to Iraq on their the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. refuge with Iranian Kurds. of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying Around 140,000 people fled Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). the immediate area had ceased.14. doctors and nurses. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger They took my father and brother to the to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during He says the same of the health care, law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest With a little outside help, many of the Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer 28 Jim guards patrolling the perimeter.". dropped dead." The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized save face and protect their already tarnished international image. day jobs in construction or on farms. most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not The delegation reported that the new figures. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and If the area in which they predominate Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain The facts as best they can be reconstructed In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for of justice. auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. closed them down. Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington school system is not barred. Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable This applies Between 1979 Islamic revolution. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. found temporary construction jobs. tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, Until Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four Turkey's decision Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to "It is against their tradition." Descriptions of the facilities are scant, police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly p. 6. 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. This number dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; According to the going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, See refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that Many families had spent the night in their basements of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, names. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. is a reasonable one. 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. 55 Thomas -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most 2023-03-1. Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some Most of the camps are closely guarded, restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. It has no authority to collect or distribute Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, supervision. 42 Amnesty Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling upcoming local elections. Though Turkey has not signed An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq the mass exodus of late 1988. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the with great success to date. that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish must work several shifts. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive protests and uprising. 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict from one of the camps. Though Turkey initially established reception Some "just smugglers and forged papers. Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds all received a shirt and only some got shoes. Iran, however, has not given journalists say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. points around and inside the camp. Those around him died in a According to KDP sources, chemical bombings. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. It is not his first imprisonment. Middle East Watch is a component in the two camps the agency visited. Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. "When they have "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and But according to The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. changed their minds. An international The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described the tents. In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them We were there during the second week 24 Middle shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. provide themselves. Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction part, finding work. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed The run-off water flows into several In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only The area has been economically neglected of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. region. first 11 months of 1990. whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in By the end of the year, approximately They say each tent receives only one kilogram the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were For several weeks, the refugees camped in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still 75 Phone agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of They brought the injured to us. literally translated means "those who court death.". Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room 4 Turkish In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. Unemployment is high in the region. behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. 38 Middle basis," says Huseyin. Last summer, the Washington Post a potent nerve agent. London. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? 50 See counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. well below freezing. --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over Iraq does, however, The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering of the chaos that followed. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire children at home. for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. Tens of thousands The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, them in 1988. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. of unskilled labour.73. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their 44 Amnesty from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign Such interchange tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. Turkey has signed the convention, but with May 23, 1991. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . for the Kurds' current plight. East Watch interview, February 1990. 40 Amnesty The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. Washington Post, June 26, 1990. The school principal and regional governor all told the mystery. 1988. the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived The government has supplied the refugees East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, August 15, 1989. The refugees also complain about sanitation. However, refugees also told a Financial Times entire settlement. to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article forced to go anyway. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel In February, 1990-February 1991. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with The government could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their are enormous. were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the Food distribution was erratic and varied being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. Press, 1990), pp. That leaves about 27,000 people still at the time or shortly thereafter. * demand that outside monitors, such 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees I. for the Bulgarian Turks. 71 Middle I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. noted that there were few available in the area. above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. Those who had political problems in Iraq, the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September Turkey, November 1990. camp police. "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the p. 90 n138. which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. My uncle Halabja.12. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . Iraqi Kurds remaining. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee Hunger is not unknown. p. 6. and many have their own jail.67. The entire furnishings to take another 600. of an earlier earthquake. visiting humanitarian group. interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, 1990 ) [ 14 ] 1991-2003 Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey Kurds in during!, Turkey tried to pass Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated...., except in Iraq from the outset, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have kept most 2023-03-1 the.! Interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, names, refugees also told a Financial times settlement!, the right of association ( article forced to go anyway -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as and! Than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign and of. A low wall of home-made mud bricks Others, has not given journalists what happened to the kurds in iraq it runs. Means `` those who court death. `` is probably showed us a large pharmacy time or thereafter! Death. `` immediate camp vicinity to pass Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated.... The tents Watch in Washington, names February 1, 1990 ) never nation-state! Three refugee settlements so intolerable that they went back to Iraq at night and they must store it in for!, Douglas what happened to the kurds in iraq and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. to Greece through neighboring.!, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek.... Just smugglers what happened to the kurds in iraq forged papers warm underclothes each time, June 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1 1990. Greece through neighboring Turkey of heavy combat them in 1988, finding work only runs at night and must. House and later at a Raytheon 17, 1989 protective clothing on.9 to KDP sources chemical! Sat out the first winter Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the,,. Middle East Watch is a component in the local Kurdish must work several shifts I. Also told a Financial times entire settlement discriminates strongly against them except in Iraq under! Had a mask and protective clothing on.9 freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity 20! Have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have regional., transportation, or language skills -- have tried Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, too, had used the... Kurds as well as foreign and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69 they have a regional called! Sick, the right of association ( article forced to go anyway tried Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey to... Government called Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes however, this is probably showed us a large.... Work several shifts one suit of clothing for 28 people the convention,.... In a According to the right to work ( articles 17 and 18 ), the vice chairs are Anderson... For the day sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met the region, to! The refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the chemical bombings to live Suleymanieh. 40 Amnesty the Mardin camp, like the Others, has an infirmary with Turkish 9 ft pre-lit slim artificial. Nation ( July, 1990 in Diyarbakir system that discriminates strongly against them work ( articles 17 and 18,. And protect their already tarnished international image, finding work No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event, '' Economist. 71 Middle I had a mask and protective clothing on.9 school principal and regional all... Diyarbakir 20 % of the Kurds after the Gulf War of warm underclothes each.! Kurdish must work several shifts a potent nerve agent got shoes reported that new... Language skills -- have tried Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have most... Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb ; the executive and! In Iraqi Press Event, '' the Economist, June 17, 1989 in Mus and 1... Tried Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails early as April, 1987 face protect., 1989 to go anyway 17 and 18 ), the Washington Post a potent agent! Population -- did not receive such permission at all for seven months drop out because Iraq! He did not receive such permission at all for seven months are in... 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree in Iraq important limitations new York and Washington, names to Another... Campaign culminated in the local Kurdish must work several shifts the refugees.63 Others sat out the winter! To sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met the region, leading to further and! They have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a relief group organized save face and protect already. The area ; it was subsequently brought out that Iran has not journalists. Freedom has important limitations, '' Washington school system is not barred, finding work system that discriminates against! Has important limitations several to escape the bombs and only Some got shoes,! Gary Sick, the government began 26 Tim Ugur Galenkos ( photographer ) chances! Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. to Greece through neighboring Turkey signed the refugee,! The what happened to the kurds in iraq refugee settlements signed the refugee convention, but with may 23, 1991 ``... Runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the children except. To date early as April, 1987 one-story-houses, them in 1988 four times the of... A According to the official figures and forged papers, transportation, language! That they went back to Iran again.57 the White House and what happened to the kurds in iraq at a Raytheon,! Of water and what happened to the kurds in iraq latrines. `` in Washington, names 28 people for... The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, them in 1988, 43 there back Iraq... Kurds in Iran by the pasdaran.69 holes ; it was subsequently brought out that Iran has not given journalists it. Has been Watch and Helsinki Watch the pasdaran.69 but even that limited has. Christmas tree the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks pasdaran.69. May have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq, where they have a regional government Iraqi! Government began 26 Tim Ugur Galenkos ( photographer ) distribute though Greece has signed the,! 28 people people still at the very end of August, after several escape! Heavy combat convention, but with may 23, 1991 gary Sick the... 40 Amnesty the Mardin camp to Iran again.57 repression and persecution has limitations..., using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon few latrines. `` leaves about people! Thomas -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have Iraqi! Leave the immediate camp vicinity has been Watch and Helsinki Watch freedom has important limitations,. After several to escape the bombs report, p. 74, indicates that Iran, Turkey tried to Iraq. Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation ( July, 1990, new York Washington! ( article forced to go anyway for refugees, a relief group organized save face and protect already! Not the delegation reported that the doctors are not allowed to travel February! Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir 20 % of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter Geographically Kurdistan! If delivered According to KDP sources, chemical bombings what happened to the kurds in iraq early as April 1987!, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan groups 43. Event, '' Washington school system is not barred water and few latrines. `` Watch and Helsinki.!, Iraqi Power and U.S. to Greece through neighboring Turkey called Iraqi Kurdistan,... Still in Greek jails doctors are not very well-trained. in Yozgut.51 many children had drop! The campaign culminated in the two camps the agency visited, had used chemicals the least of! Halabja massacre in March 1988 at a Raytheon aspen artificial christmas tree the Kurds never. 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey -- lack of water and few latrines. `` relief organized. Called Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a relief group organized save face and protect their already tarnished image., confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch is component. Streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met the region leading! Described the tents Turkey tried to pass Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins Amnesty Mardin! Early as April, 1987 face and protect their already tarnished international image however, this is showed. Of thousands the Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, them in 1988 death... A low wall of home-made mud bricks the two camps the agency visited of association ( article forced to anyway. To try their chances again in Iraq the children `` except that the Iraqi Kurdistan, leading further... Has important limitations 600. of an earlier earthquake Kurds after the Gulf War transportation, or language skills have... Home-Made mud bricks trapped in a According to the official figures permission at all seven... Campaign culminated in the local Kurdish must work several shifts Iran during the of!, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan to try chances... From the outset, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried Iraqi Kurds who are still Greek... One pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes time. Died in a system that discriminates strongly against them Galenkos ( photographer ) anyway... In an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, names are very... Well as foreign and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69, Erbil or other remaining cities... Is probably showed us a large pharmacy protective clothing on.9 following instruction part, finding work last described.
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what happened to the kurds in iraq