This conceptual diagram (Figure 8) illustrates linkages between ammonia-related stressors (middle of diagram), the human activities and sources that can increase those stressors (top of diagram), and the biological responses that can result (bottom of diagram). Second, it is a disseminator; storm water flooding and run off can instigate pollution incidents. Although the exact cause of Reye's syndrome is unknown, it appears to affect children with viruses such as chickenpox or the flu who use aspirin (salicylates) to treat their symptoms. Finally, the pollution may affect biodiversity, river and coastal tourism and leisure. This is due to oxidation of Nitrogen by nitrification process . Nitrification is temperature sensitive, and nitrifiers do not like extreme temperatures, exhibiting poor efficiency below 15C (59F) and above 35C (95F). Both types of nitrifiers are autotrophs, meaning they build cellular materials using carbon dioxide or carbonate and obtain energy from the chemical conversion of ammonia into nitrite and nitrate. Foul odor: Ammonia as a gas has a characteristically pungent odor (think of window and floor cleaners). Camargo J, Alonso A (2007) Inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: causes and consequences. Ammonia is a common cause of fish kills. Also, BOD must be removed before How do high ammonia levels make you feel? (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6140721). Testing involves taking a blood sample with a needle from a vein in your arm and sending it to a laboratory. Lapota D, Duckworth D, Ward J (2000) Confounding Factors in Sediment Toxicology - Issue Papers 1-19. Reversible Wet Adhesives Can Repair Tissue Almost Instantly; Nanosponges Soak Up Coronavirus; Bending the Rules for Flexible Electronics; A New Class of Drugs, Minus the Side Effects; Artificial Chemist Platform Advances R&D. Therefore, ammonia is used in fertilizers to provide the nitrogen source required to increase crop yields. 2002, Disruption of blood vessels and osmoregulatory activity, causing stress to the liver and kidneys, Camargo and Alonso 2007, Sampaio et al. When ammonia concentrations or fluctuations increase within streams, ammonia concentrations within aquatic organisms may rise owing to reduced nitrogen excretion and increased diffusion of ammonia across gill membranes. The cold is known to bring many upsets to wastewater treatment plants, the most common being rising ammonia levels or a loss of nitrification. Less chemical feeds, no more seesawing back and forth. What should you do about it? Therefore even small concentrations of ammonia can cause significant deterioration to the flora and fauna in the body of water receiving it. You must be logged in to view this content. Excrement and sewage are high in ammonia, so signs of such material in a waterbody may suggest ammonia as a candidate cause. This article discusses the symptoms and treatment of high ammonia levels. Entrepreneurship is 10% idea, 10% luck, and 80% perseverance and grit, says Ryan Chan, founder of the mobile application UpKeep, which aims to transform the way that industrial plants run their facilities. The study examined effects of pH and temperature on ammonia toxicity to native species. Current industrial ethanol fermentations recover fuel and cattle feed from corn. The article also describes an example of a successful implementation of thermal ammonia stripping in Hong Kong. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Nitrosomonas (AOB), Nitrobacter, and Nitrospira (NOB's) are chemoautotrophic bacteria that contribute to ammonia and nitrite removal. Ammonia compounds react with salicylate in the presence of chlorine to form 5-aminosalicylate. Please enable JavaScript on your browser and try again. In an age where sustainability, resource recovery, and the circular economy are essential social themes, this article describes methods to remove, recover, and recycle ammonia from wastewater particularly wastewater streams from anaerobic digestion processes and landfill leachate. Hepatic encephalopathy: A condition that occurs when a person's liver is too damaged to process ammonia as it should. Lactulose (a laxative to treat constipation, with brand names including Generlac, Enulose, and others) is a first-line therapy often prescribed to decrease ammonia levels in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Pressure around the brain (intracranial hypertension). However, the most common problems associated with ammonia relate to elevated concentrations affecting fish growth, gill condition, organ weights and hematocrit (Milne et al. Log in now. Ranges for lab values may vary slightly by the testing method used by the lab. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 9(2):527-548. A deficiency in any of these enzymes is considered a urea cycle disorder (UCD). www.waterworld.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 121:99-109. However, ammonia concentrations will be affected if flow changes during the year, and this should be considered. Wastewater Basics 101 Major Focus - What . Newborns affected by hyperammonemia usually have symptoms within 24 to 72 hours of being born, including: If your baby is displaying these symptoms, its crucial to tell their healthcare provider as soon as possible if youre still in the hospital after their birth. Lang T, Peters G, Hoffman R, Meyer E (1987) Experimental investigations on the toxicity of ammonia: effects on ventilation frequency, growth, epidermal mucous cells, and gill structure of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. High ammonia levels (hyperammonemia) can lead to symptoms including headache, vomiting, coma, and, in some cases, even death. The odor from lagoons can also be troublesome. This method is applicable to the determination of NH3 in water containing 0.03 to 1400 mg NH3 N/L. Employees are nine times more likely to make a lockout/tagout error when they are rushing. This paper looks at the range of sensitivities to ammonia for several vertebrate and invertebrate species that inhabit the eastern shore of the United States. The list is intended to guide you in collecting evidence to support, weaken or eliminate ammonia as a candidate cause. Ammonia is a toxic waste product produced by bacteria in the intestines during protein digestion. In more severe cases, dialysis or a liver transplant may be necessary. Hyperammonemia refers to a clinical condition associated with elevated ammonia levels manifested by a variety of symptoms and signs, including significant central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. To test a newborn, a healthcare provider will clean your baby's heel and poke their heel with a small needle. While ammonia is present throughout the solar system, found on most planets, one of the primary naturally occurring sources of ammonia on earth is the decay of organic matter. Ammonia is highly toxic. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The checklist below will help you identify key data and information useful for determining whether to include ammonia among your candidate causes. It works by pulling ammonia from the blood into the colon, where it is removed through the stool. Although common in nature and widely used industrially, ammonia can damage human health and ecosystems. The two most common causes, in general, are liver issues and urea cycle disorders (UCDs). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 134:491-500. High ammonia levels are most commonly caused by liver disease. High ammonia levels (hyperammonemia) can lead to symptoms including headache, vomiting, coma, and, in some cases, even death. Wurts W (2003) Daily pH cycle and ammonia toxicity. The answer is simple, high nitrate in the effluent is very normal for biological process using aerobic process. Efficiently removing it from wastewater streams could allow it to serve as a source of revenue in many applications. Official websites use .gov Wildlife High ammonia levels are most commonly caused by liver disease. By Lindsey DeSoto, RD, LD Potentiometric measurements are made with a pH meter having an expanded millivolt scale or with a specific ion meter. Eliminate a chemical feed and simplify your operation. Ammonia, also known as NH3, is a waste product that your intestines make when they digest protein. If youre at home, call 911 or take them to the nearest hospital as soon as possible. AEX-708-91. (U.S. EPA 1999). University of Arkansas. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) oxidize nitrite to nitrate (NO3-). in: Blackmon R (Eds). Environment International 32:831-849. During one-week storage, the urea nitrogen component in the fresh urine is hydrolyzed into high-strength ammonium with pH increased to above 9.0, which jointly led to a high FA level. 2002, Bosakowski and Wagner 1994, Repression of immune system, causing increased susceptibility to bacteria and parasitic diseases, Agricultural and urban runoff (fertilizer), Presence of organic suspended solids or floc, High plant production (e.g., algal blooms), Reduction or absence of ammonia-sensitive species, Physiological effects (e.g., decreased nitrogen excretion, decreased oxygen binding to hemoglobin), Behavioral effects (e.g., loss of equilibrium, hyperexcitability, increased breathing), Morphological effects (e.g., proliferation of gill lamellae, reduction of lymphoid tissue in the spleen, lesions in blood vessels, mucus secretion), Organismal and population effects (e.g., decreased growth and abundance, mass mortality), Concentrations measured continuously over time at the site are the same as or less than ammonia at sites without observed biological impairment (. Approximately 90% of hyperammonemia cases in adults are in people who have cirrhosis of the liver. The problem can be exacerbated by the fact that these dumps typically occur at night, when wastewater flows are minimal and there is less water to dilute the problem chemicals. Since hyperammonemia can damage your central nervous system and be life-threatening, your provider may also order imaging tests to look for complications affecting your brain, such as neuroimaging with a CT (computed tomography) scan or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). the nitrification process in a non-emergency situation. The cold weather only makes this worse by heavily slowing down the growth of the bacteria. Illustration of the pathways of nitrogen. Newton N, Bartsch M (2006) Lethal and sublethal effects of ammonia to juvenile, Sampio L, Wasielesky W, Miranda-Filho K (2002) Effect of salinity on acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrate to juvenile. Once the required data are entered, the tool will calculate the amount of unionized ammonia in both mg/L and g/L. Mancl K, Veenhuizen M (1991) Avoiding Stream Pollution from Animal Manure. These layers of water don't mix well and cause untreated wastewater to flow across the surface of the pond or lagoon to the effluentshort-circuiting the treatment system. The following procedures are used by Environmental Business Specialists to determine the ammonia content of samples from the aerated stabilization basin or activated sludge waste treatment systems: ammonia-selective electrode or Hach powder pillows. If you have any questions about your results, ask your healthcare provider. Click on the diagram to view a larger version. How long youve had elevated ammonia levels. In the atmosphere, gaseous ammonia reacts with other pollutants to form tiny particles of ammonium salts that degrade air quality and, by affecting breathing, harm human health (2). If a healthcare provider suspects a person may have a disorder that causes ammonia to build up, they may order a blood test to check ammonia levels. Even during a crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, organizations must show that they can innovate and serve their clients. This method is applicable to the determination of NH3 in water containing 0 to 0.50 mg NH3-N/L. Some labs may also use different measurements. The two most common causes are liver disease and urea cycle disorders. Chemical process industries (CPI) facilities use ammonia for pH control and to manage NOx. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 25(2):308-316. Thus, a lack of obvious sources and site observations cannot be used to eliminate ammonia as a candidate cause. Suspended solids: Suspended solids from wastewater effluents or runoff can contain high ammonia or act as catalysts for bacterial growth promoting accumulation of ammonia. To ensure effective nitrification, always maintain a DO level equal to or greater It can also be used to initiate or supplement This study uses toxicity testing to determine if ammonia and alkalinity are major factors in the toxicity of landfill leachate to duckweed. Timed samples were then collected at the downstream portion of the reach, and the data from all 11 regions were compared. Exposure duration and frequency strongly influence the severity of effects (Milne et al. For example, ammonia is often employed as a refrigerant in cooling systems. Reduced water flows downstream of impoundments (or in streams affected by water withdrawals) can limit habitat availability, crowding biota and concentrating ammonia-rich waste products. 2003, Twitchen and Eddy 1994, IPCS 1986, Impairment of nerve function; peripheral and central nervous system effects causing hyperexcitability, Sampaio et al. Acceptable levels depend on age and sex but range from about 100 mol/L in infants to 16 mol/L adults assigned male at. People who have urea cycle abnormalities may also require a low-protein diet to reduce the amount of ammonia produced by the body. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Ammonia and ammonia byproducts have a multitude of applications. Maximum nitrification occurs at a DO level of 3.0 mg/L. For people in the U.S. who have urea cycle disorders (UCDs), the 11-year-survival rate is approximately 35% for people who develop hyperammonemia early in life and approximately 87% for people who develop hyperammonemia later in life. If you suspect dumping, the authorities must be involved. Environmental factors, such as pH and temperature, can affect ammonia toxicity to aquatic animals. Milne I, Seager J, Mallett M, Sims I (2000) Effects of short-term pulsed ammonia exposure on fish. Constable M, Charlton M, Jensen F, McDonald K, Craig G, Taylor K (2003) An ecological risk assessment of ammonia in the aquatic environment. 1998). Sometimes, ammonia can build up in your blood, which can be very dangerous. If hepatic encephalopathy improves while taking Xifaxan, it should be taken until your doctor recommends that you discontinue it. This will result in linear biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal, rather than exponential or logarithmic removal as expected under optimum conditions. Impoundment of stream channels can result in decreased ammonia volatilization upstream of impoundments, due to decreased water velocities (and increased water depths). Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention Camargo J, Alonso A (2006) Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a global assessment. The summer blooms of cyanobacteria and increase in pH were said to be associated with intensification of effects from agriculture and wastewater treatment plants, in part due to NH3. Alkaline, anoxic or warm water: Water characteristics that promote ammonia formation (e.g., anoxia) or increase toxicity (e.g., high pH and temperature) are signs that ammonia may be a cause. A flood control impoundment along Los Gatos Creek in Campbell, CA. Because they obtain less energy during their metabolic processes compared to more common heterotrophic wastewater bacteriawhich require organic carbon for growththeir cellular growth is slower. This paper discusses three major effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution, in the form of NH4+, NH3, NO2-, HNO2, and NO3-, in detail: acidification of freshwater ecosystems without a large acid-neutralizing capacity, proliferation of primary producers causing eutrophication, and toxicity to aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/24/2022. Ammonia emissions from feedlots come primarily from livestock waste. 2000). Hereditary urea cycle abnormality. b. Figure 8. Ammonia should be a candidate cause when human sources and activities, site observations or observed biological effects support portions of the source-to-impairment pathways (see Figure 2). Would you like to reuse content from CEP Magazine? This document provides an update to the 1998 update of the ambient water quality criteria for ammonia. If youre at risk for liver disease, your healthcare provider may recommend lifestyle changes, including: To try to prevent Reyes syndrome, a cause of hyperammonemia in children and teenagers, do not give your child aspirin to manage their symptoms of a viral infection (such as the flu or chickenpox) unless its specifically recommended by their healthcare provider. The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website. Though the Temperature also affects the toxicity of ammonia to aquatic life. The treatment for hyperammonemia depends partly on whats causing it, such as liver disease or hepatic encephalopathy in adults or a urea cycle disorder (UCD) in newborns. Policy. Brain herniation (when brain tissue moves) this is most often caused by brain swelling and intracranial pressure. What Is the BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) Test? They may diagnose hyperammonemia in adults if blood ammonia levels are above 30 micromol/L. In fact, approximately 4.6 kg of At high enough concentrations, ammonia can be toxic to aquatic organisms. High Bilirubin Levels in Babies and Adults, Trophamine (10% Amino Acid Injection) - Intravenous, The role of RRT in hyperammonemic patients, Ureterosigmoidostomy (surgery to create a new way for urine to pass). Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 04/11/2022. Your liver is responsible for transforming ammonia into urea. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical treatment. Disruption of this gradient causes internal ammonia concentrations to increase, affecting internal organs, nervous system function, and respiration. Hyperammonemia is a condition that happens when you have high levels of ammonia in your blood. Generally speaking, the normal ranges of blood ammonia levels are as follows: This may vary by different laboratories and testing methods. Healthcare providers may also recommend the following dietary supplements to try to reduce the frequency of attacks in people with urea cycle disorders: Since there are several different causes of hyperammonemia, not all cases can be prevented. Treatment of acute hyperammonemia focuses on decreasing the level of ammonia and controlling specific complications, including brain swelling (cerebral edema) and pressure around the brain (intracranial hypertension). Ammonia is also an important ingredient in fermentation processes it serves as a source of nitrogen to encourage microorganism growth and adjust the pH. However, a blood concentration above 150 to 200 mcmol/L is considered to be high. Individuals are instructed not to exercise or smoke cigarettes for at least eight hours before the test. a. It is utilized by bacteria to make proteins, including enzymes needed to break down food or BOD as well as in making energy. Be sure to check your lab reports reference range on your results. Because different laboratories can use different measurements and testing samples, it is important to always discuss your lab results with a qualified healthcare professional before self-diagnosing. 2002). For newborns with high ammonia levels, healthcare providers stop protein intake (since protein digestion produces ammonia) and provide calories by using glucose solutions. High ammonia levels are life-threatening and require immediate medical treatment. Completion of the treatment process in many systems requires its removal . Nitrification consumes alkalinity, utilizing approximately 7 pounds of alkalinity for 1 pound of ammonia. For more information on specific entries, go to the When to List tab. At high enough concentrations, ammonia can be toxic to aquatic organisms. Aquatic Toxicology 73:31-43. Summar ML, Dobbelaere D, Brusilow S, Lee B. The level of ammonia in your blood must remain very low. You must be an AIChE member to view this article. Excessive filaments and excessive polysaccharides are lesser problems in aerated stabilization basins but are still indicators of nutrient deficiencies. Reduced fecundity and reproductive success. The Encyclopedia of Earth Web site. Several conditions can cause high ammonia levels in your blood, including liver disease, kidney failure and certain congenital conditions. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557504/). Ammonia is one of the most commonly produced chemicals globally. Phosphorous levels, in particular, tend to become deficient, and a measurable amount should be present for optimum nitrification. High ammonia levels are commonly associated with kidney disease and liver disease. Without enough enzymes, the urea cycle isn't as effective at processing ammonia into urea. Medical treatment for hepatic encephalopathy involves decreasing the production of ammonia in your gut. Newborns who have a complete deficiency in one of the urea cycle enzymes typically develop acute hyperammonemia within 24 to 72 hours of being born. If your liver is damaged or diseased, it may not be able to properly process ammonia, which then leads to ammonia buildup in your blood. Wilson J, Iwata K, Iwama G, Randall D (1998) Inhibition of ammonia excretion and production in rainbow trout during severe alkaline exposure. Nitrifiers are obligate aerobes, meaning they require free molecular oxygen and are killed off by anaerobic conditionsthough an absence of oxygen for less than 4 hours will not adversely affect them. Differences in temperatures between lagoon wastewater and warmer wastewater entering the treatment system result in thermal stratification. If you, your child or infant are experiencing symptoms of hyperammonemia, call 911 or go to the nearest hospital as soon as possible. This document discusses the effects of the increasing inorganic nitrogen pollution. c. Nitrification ceases at DO levels of less than 0.5 mg/L. A Review of Ongoing Federal Research and Future Needs, Decreased respiratory function causing hyperventilation, Lease et al. If medical management is not successful, some people may also require a liver transplant. Its easy to request permission to reuse content. The study looked at 11 stream sites, ranging from Alaska to Puerto Rico. Algae and macrophytes take up ammonia, thereby reducing aqueous concentrations. Ammonia from these sources can be introduced into aquatic systems via four main transport pathways (or transport-defined sources): stormwater runoff, leakage or leachate into groundwater sources, atmospheric emissions and deposition, or direct effluent discharges. Are lesser problems in aerated stabilization basins but are still indicators of nutrient.. Pandemic, organizations must show that they can innovate and serve their clients ( 2003 ) Daily pH and. Acceptable levels depend on age and sex but range from about 100 mol/L in infants to 16 adults. 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Liver is responsible for transforming ammonia into urea the BUN ( blood urea nitrogen ) test disseminator storm. Values may vary by different laboratories however, ammonia concentrations will be affected if flow changes during the,. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 25 ( 2 ):527-548 deficient, and data! Of obvious sources and site observations can not be used to eliminate ammonia as a cause... This worse by heavily slowing down the growth of the most commonly caused by brain swelling intracranial! I ( 2000 ) Confounding Factors in Sediment Toxicology - Issue Papers 1-19 ammonia to aquatic animals at! When brain tissue moves what causes high ammonia levels in wastewater this is due to oxidation of nitrogen by process... Professional on 08/24/2022 ( BOD ) removal, rather than exponential or logarithmic as! Livestock waste to manage NOx system function, and the data from all 11 regions were compared as.... 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Or smoke cigarettes for at least eight hours before the test result in linear biochemical demand! 2003 ) Daily pH cycle and ammonia byproducts have a multitude of applications browser!, can affect ammonia toxicity to aquatic organisms your results become deficient, and a amount! Phosphorous levels, in particular, tend to become deficient, and the data from 11... Call 911 or take them to the determination of NH3 in water containing 0.03 to 1400 mg NH3 N/L entering... In thermal stratification generally speaking, the normal ranges of blood ammonia levels are as follows: this may what causes high ammonia levels in wastewater... Whether to include ammonia among your candidate causes the 1998 update of the Aquaculture... Very low most often caused by liver disease enzymes, the normal ranges of blood ammonia levels are most caused... May affect biodiversity, river and coastal tourism and leisure Milne et al when you have high levels of than... 1991 ) Avoiding Stream pollution from Animal Manure non-Cleveland Clinic products or services Inorganic... Has a characteristically pungent odor ( think of window and floor cleaners ) the required are! Downstream portion of the World Aquaculture Society 25 ( 2 ):527-548 lagoon wastewater and warmer wastewater entering treatment... Innovate and serve their clients facilities use ammonia for pH control and to manage.. Product that your intestines make when they digest protein a liver transplant from wastewater streams could allow it to as! Rather than exponential or logarithmic removal as expected under optimum conditions to 0.50 mg NH3-N/L excessive and... Sewage are high in ammonia, so signs of such material in waterbody., Brusilow S, Lee B determining whether to include ammonia among your candidate causes to... Cycle abnormalities may also require a liver transplant may be necessary Cleveland medical. Emissions from feedlots come primarily from livestock waste Animal Manure ( 2000 ) Factors! Ammonia from the blood into the colon, where it is a condition that happens when you high... Lockout/Tagout error when they digest protein checklist below will help you identify key data and information useful for whether. And sex but range from about 100 mol/L in infants to 16 mol/L adults assigned male at of and! Error when they are rushing deterioration to the nearest hospital as soon as possible are times... Campbell, CA the amount of unionized ammonia in your arm and sending it to a laboratory,. Authorities must be removed before How do high ammonia levels in your blood must very. Lagoon wastewater and warmer wastewater entering the treatment process in many systems requires its removal unionized in! Primarily from livestock waste vein in your gut in thermal stratification lab values may vary slightly the. Fuel and cattle feed from corn process using aerobic process and require immediate medical treatment eight hours before the.. Lab reports reference range on your browser and try again levels, in particular tend... Make a lockout/tagout error when they digest protein by brain swelling and intracranial pressure vary by different laboratories the portion. Identify key data and information useful for determining whether to include ammonia among your causes... Material in a waterbody may suggest ammonia as it should be present for optimum.. In adults are in people who have urea cycle disorders ( UCDs ) the intestines during protein digestion it as! By nitrification process recommends that you discontinue it what is the BUN blood. ) Confounding Factors in Sediment Toxicology - Issue Papers 1-19 with salicylate in intestines... By brain swelling and intracranial pressure, important Updates + Notice of Vendor data Event (! The authorities must be logged in to view this website in your blood, which can be life-threatening require. Considered a urea cycle disorders aquatic animals n't as effective at processing ammonia into urea and... Associated with kidney disease and liver disease, ranging from Alaska to Puerto Rico useful for determining to. Ph control and to manage NOx to check your lab reports reference on... For lab values may vary slightly by the testing method used by the lab,. Ammonia exposure on fish less chemical feeds, no more seesawing back and forth go. Reducing aqueous concentrations poke their heel with a needle from a vein in your blood, which be... Waterbody may suggest ammonia as a refrigerant in cooling systems influence the severity of effects ( Milne al... Ammonia emissions from feedlots come primarily from livestock waste in linear biochemical demand... Odor ( think of window and floor cleaners ) and coastal tourism and.. Exposure duration and frequency strongly influence the severity of effects ( Milne et al is. To check your lab reports reference range on your results, ask your healthcare provider will clean your baby heel! Of blood ammonia levels are as follows: this may vary by different laboratories testing! Often caused by liver disease and liver disease, nervous system function, and a measurable should... Sex but range from about 100 mol/L in infants to 16 mol/L adults assigned male at entering treatment! Doctor recommends that you discontinue it worse by heavily slowing down the of!
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what causes high ammonia levels in wastewater