welty california 1930s

These farms specialized in one or two crops. In the 1930s, farmers from the Midwestern Dust Bowl states, especially Oklahoma and Arkansas, began to move to California; 250,000 arrived by 1940, including a third who moved into the San Joaquin Valley, which had a 1930 population of 540,000. 2021. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, Lange later explained. [2] After the camp was built in 1935 most employees were from the Resettlement Administration. For seventy-six years, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Eudora Welty lived and wrote in her Jackson home at 1119 Pinehurst Street. [Lange] didnt ask my name. In all, one-quarter of the population left, packing everything they owned into their cars and trucks, and headed west toward California. My husband was going to quit, but I talked to him and told him we were going to stay. 100,000 Dust Bowl migrants chose to live in Los Angeles; 70,000 chose to live in the San Joaquin Valley. In a short amount of time, however, there were too many workers and not enough jobs. The Great Depression and American Culture. I made five exposures working closer and closer from the same direction. The sixth and final shot became the famous Migrant Mother photograph. The sheer number of migrants camped out, desperate for work, led to scenes such as that described by John Steinbeck in his novel, The Grapes of Wrath. Maybe he needs two hunderd men, so he talks to five hunderd, an they tell other folks, an when you get to the place, theys a thousan men. 0000009565 00000 n Fifty black-and-white photographs taken by Eudora Welty (1909-2001), one of the 20th century's greatest American authors, will be on exhibit at the Museum of the City of New York from November 7, 2008, through February 15, 2009. Some labor camps had their own elementary schools. The end of drought and the upturn of the business cycle do not solve the problems which have been so clearly revealed. 0000005691 00000 n California DRE #01521930. The Dust Bowl migrants came to California to stay, and they changed the culture and politics of the state forever. Between 1933 and 1939, agricultural strikes would occur throughout California led by large numbers of Filipino and Mexican workers. In 1934 Taylor saw the work of the documentary photographer Dorothea Lange and recruited her to his project. 0000006736 00000 n 0000070220 00000 n 0000051823 00000 n Notes on original containers: r01: Nov 21, 1939. 'Of Mice and Men' is set in the 1930's, where society considered many people as outsiders. 0000053031 00000 n 100 UCAPAWA union members as well as labor sympathizers picketed the Madera County Jail in protest of the labor organizers arrest and confinement. She died in California, United States, and was buried in Orange, Orange, California, United States. Hog-killing time, Hinds County, Miss. There on the Bosque Farms, a significant experiment in resettlement of people en masse is in progress. [9] But this was not the only book written about the treatment of migrants. In the rural area outside Boise City, Oklahoma, the population dropped 40% with 1,642 small farmers and their families pulling up stakes. The latter two buildings were moved next to the community hall to form the beginnings of a historic park on the property. At first we wished we could have built our own house, but now that weve lived here we know it was planned better than we could have done it, said another resident. Later, the residents tents were replaced by more permanent housing units, including pre-fabricated metal structures and wood frame single room cottages. We couldnt have bought a home for ten years except for this project, said a young couple with their first baby. The United States Special Commission Agricultural Labor Disturbances in Imperial Valley described conditions among migrant workers which unfortunately are not limited to that area: Living and sanitary conditions are a serious and irritating factor in the unrest we found in the Imperial Valley . Newspapers called the area a Dust Bowl.. Whereas, the present effort to force unfortunate WPA workers to accept wages even lower than the subsistence allotment set by relief. California Okies--They Sank Roots and Changed the Heart of California : History: Unwanted and shunned, the 1930s refugees from the Dust Bowl endured, spawning new generations. The mistreatment that Okies faced from outsiders forced them to come together and create a community within the confines of the Arvin Federal Government Camp. Monopoly is Americas favorite board game, a love letter to unbridled capitalism and our free market society. 0000004431 00000 n An offer from the FERA to buy them out was accepted, and about seventy families were moved south of Albuquerque. That was when Dorothea Lange drove up and took her famous photographs. These reels document the events of the 1939 Madera County Cotton Pickers Strike. Once settled, migrant children attended school. Madera County Library, California History and Family Research Room, 121 North G St, Madera, CA, 93637, US, Telephone: (559) 675-7872, email: research@maderacountylibrary.org, http://californiahistoryroommadera.org:8080/archive/jsp/RcWebBrowseColle California Revealed is supported by the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act, administered in California by the State Librarian. 0000072061 00000 n . Get the latest on new films and digital content, learn about events in your area, and get your weekly fix of American history. In Taos County, New Mexico, numerous families took up homesteads on a remote plateau within the past decade or two. For the 80,000 museum visitors each year and the dozens of schools who tour the grounds each year, this exhibit will be an important lesson showcasing life as it was in our county 80 years ago and how our federal government, state, county agencies, and local farmers all worked together to resolve a national crisis. In the Fernando Valley forty families, and at Phoenix, Ariz., twenty-five families are settled on similar projects. Throughout the valley, these newcomers competed with residents for jobs. The general store has shrunk to almost nothing. Enthusiastically men, women and children are planting intensive gardens to supplement cash earnings. Where Angels Fear to Tread by E. M. Forster (1905) 8. The qualities of pioneers are needed, for methods are new, and there are hardships and discouragements even on publicly financed projects. Appleton & Company . Suggested duration < 1 hour Suggest edits to improve what we show. Kern County suffered the worst. Charles Welty in California. Arriving in California, the migrants were faced with a life almost as difficult as the one they had left. In the 1970s, Florence Owens Thompson wrote to a local newspaper and identified herself as the Migrant Mother. Their significance lies not in the number of projects but in their value as demonstrations of means of rehabilitating people and lands. [5] " They depended on personal connections from family members to help them out. 0000073305 00000 n We still value work hard, however, and thats an honest hand-me-down that we are proud to take on from the generations that came before us. Not since the Gold Rush had so many people traveled in such large numbers to the state. 0000053443 00000 n California Dreamin: Migration, Work, and Settlement in the Other California. National Endowment for the Humanitiess. [2], The history of the Arvin Federal Government Camp begins with the migration of people displaced by the events of the Dust Bowl in the mid-1930s. They were larger and more modernized that those of the southern plains, and the crops were unfamiliar. Welty, Eudora LOSING BATTLES 1st Edition 1st Printing $57.99 Buy It Now or Best Offer , $53.14 Shipping , 30-Day Returns, eBay Money Back Guarantee Seller: rare-book-cellar (12,250) 100% , Location: Pomona, New York, US , Ships to: WORLDWIDE, 31 Hidden Way, Redwood City, CA 94062-Current; 701 W Ramshorn St, Dubois, WY 82513; Twenty miles later, she turned around and went back. The FSA also provided help locating work and coordinating relief services for food and medical care. Judy I. Lin's sweeping debut A Magic Steeped in Poison, first in a duology, is sure to enchant fans of Adrienne Young and Leigh Bardugo. There was no access to clean running water, no provision for food, sanitation or medical treatment. But those refugees weren't from other countries, they were Americans and former inhabitants of. Florence Thompson died at 80 years of age. At jail. [2] One county, San Francisco, is a city-county, which means it is both a municipality and county. This is shown with several characters in the novel including Crooks, Curly's wife and Candy who are all considered as outsiders in this novel, since they . . [2] The project to create and oversee the camp was going to be conducted by the Rural Rehabilitation Division but all of their projects were absorbed by the Resettlement Administration. Company housing for Mexican cotton pickers. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this collection do not necessarily reflect those of the funder. So did wages. 0000006342 00000 n THE distress of the migratory farm laborers of the Pacific coast was forcibly brought to the attention of the country by a series of strikes in 1933 in California and Arizona, most of them led by Communists. 0000051429 00000 n 1929went in the hole Most did not. In March 1936, the greatest flood in over 300 years roared down the Connecticut River. In many areas the dearth of water is so recurrent and so great as to be chronic. More than 47,500 workers were involved in the wave of approximately 30 strikes from 1931-1941. The children are in school, housed in a new adobe building erected by the Resettlement Administration. California cotton growers paid nearly 50% more for picking cotton than farms in the southern plains. Northern California has come a long way since the 1930s, but we still have our own struggles and challenges. More than one hundred miles from a railroad in a high valley near Bryce Canyon, Utah, lies the town of Widtsoe. They exposed an agricultural system that had gone unnoticed for years. See the estimate, review home details, and search for homes nearby. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. The life of the migrants is hard. Dust Bowl migrants had little food, shelter, or comfort. April 10, 1936. https://digitalcollections.sjsu.edu/islandora/object/islandora%3A76_822. So the sod was turned under, and the soil exposed. Lacking water, which has been the solid support of the Taos Indian pueblo for centuries, these newest white settlers were soon thrown on relief, permanently without prospects. Now a number of the California cooperatives are applying for agricultural loans in order to achieve complete rehabilitation. Police, medical, housing, and welfare services were stretched to the limit. [Whither Self-help? Also a trained anthropologist, Hurston collected folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms. Copyright status unknown. This land used to raise forty bushels of wheat to the acre, but it wont now. My father came here with $7000, worked hard, and lost all, said a stalwart young man on work relief who could neither farm since the drought, nor dig coal since work in the mines had slackened. 0000070857 00000 n Californias rich central valley with its long growing season and ongoing need for hand pickers bore the brunt of this migration. Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1934) 10. 0000053803 00000 n The two houses will provide museum visitors with a glimpse of life in a farm labor camp in the 1930s and how American families lived as itinerant farm laborers. Love Northern Cal? 6 Background materials 7 detailing the new strategy were published January 23. 0000006041 00000 n At the time the photo was taken, the 32-year-old woman was a widow with 7children. Their lands will be leased for grazing only to the settlers who remain. [5], The idea for a labor camp in Kern County was proposed by Lowry Nelson who had been working for in the Rural Rehabilitation Division. Sanitation was poor. Forming a web of desires and consequences that span generations, McCauley's Black American and Afro-Puerto Rican characters remind us that Noting the importance these labor camps had on American history, the Sunset Camp was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. Elsa's search for a better . Barefoot and dressed in rags, they stood out. Some estimates put this number at three million displaced workers during a seven-year time span. She remained nameless for 40 years. Therefore, be it resolved that Weed Patch Grange repudiate any self-appointed labor committee who only represent speculative interest in labor and soil. SPD party leader Otto Wels is holding a speech. Despite the Great Depression's devastating impact on many Americans, the 1930s witnessed the emergence of many influential cultural trends. 0000017907 00000 n Dust bowl, Texas Panhandle, Texas, March 1936, Sign up for the American Experience newsletter! 0000057254 00000 n . Author Sonora Babb worked at the camp under Collins' supervision and wrote Whose Names Are Unknown, a novel depicting the experiences of a migrant family from Oklahoma that went unpublished until 2004 due to her publisher dropping the book shortly after The Grapes of Wrath was released and met with major success.[9]. Sanitary toilets adequate in number replace at Marysville two unscreened, open pit toilets which were supposed to serve a thousand people. Harvest workers are poorly paid and poorly housed because farmers are losing money. As a first measure of rehabilitation, then, the camps lift the migrants off the ground. Even though the Great Depression hit California hard in the early 1930s, agriculture was one of the areas that expanded in the state. 8 groceries, 49 restaurants, 3 parks. They set up residence near larger cities in shacktowns called Little Oklahomas or Okievilles on open lots local landowners divided into tiny subplots and sold cheaply for $5 down and $3 in monthly installments. ABOUT the same time, organized small growers sided with the clergy and the laborers, and attacked both WPA and big growers for supporting low wages. There was also a community barbershop. Winds carried the top soil away, resulting in huge dust storms. Name Birth date Birth location Death date Death location Burial date Burial cmt/loc; WELLS, Soninlaw (Of S C Osborne) Bet. The Sunset Camp still assists and houses farm workers under the auspices of the Kern County Housing Authority. The mothers are meeting in their own PTA. Nor are the camps adequate to accommodate all the laborers who now congregate to serve the farmers of the districts in which they are located. Now we know that we ought to pay these people more wages to raise the standard of living, but the banks have got their foot on our necks. So there are disagreements over wages and conditions, and strikes have broken out in 1936 as in other years. A History of California Agriculture. AGE 60s James R Welty Jr Vista, CA View Full Report Aliases Used To Live In Relatives Jim Raymond Welty Their legacy. She is best known for her chronicles of the Great Depression and for her photographs of migratory farm workers. Efforts at relief have never equaled the efforts of the New Deal. )Fv*TT=Y6u, x$ pbU]M[cV6sCf=U+XetU,muC9oI;cv3_?Vfho b6+W>wXOo- +[sl:vi>'/C6OL_0axR[3=L7R+[tE3C, We are sharecroppers.Comments from children living in federal camps, c.1938. A dozen families have been placed individually on farms elsewhere in Utah, in contrast to the method of community resettlement employed at Bosque. Some of these communities went on to grow into cities like Hershey, Pennsylvania or Pullman, Illinois. 1920 Pictorial Review Pictorial Review D. Appleton & Company D. Genealogy profile for John P. Welty. The 1930s saw a lot of migrant workers who were new to this part of the country but were determined to carve out a life for themselves. Her abiding maturity made her seem, perhaps long before her time, perfectly suited to the role of our favorite maiden aunt. 0000006495 00000 n In 1983, Florence had a stroke. Out of that, they had to pay twenty-five cents a day to rent a tar-paper shack with no floor or plumbing. Long before iPhones and social media, there were a lot of hardworking Americans living in Northern California and a lot of blood, sweat and tears that shaped this agricultural powerhouse. And the vacated homesteads in Taos County to the north are closed to settlement, never again to be opened to other homesteaders who could only repeat the hardships of their predecessors. How to Cite this Article (APA Format):Taylor, P.S. A community barbershop located in the Arvin Federal Government Camp. The New Deal migrant camp program shifted its approach after a three year survey was completed in 1934. 0000070505 00000 n Photogrammar The original caption for this image reads, "Four families, three of them related with fifteen children, from the Dust Bowl in Texas in an overnight roadside camp." It was taken in 1937. 0000050101 00000 n Under the New Deal thousands of camps for displaced farm workers had been created. On this project well be able to have more than we ever had before. Not all of the original homesteaders from Taos have the ability to succeed under new conditions, and these, when it is proved, are helped toward rehabilitation by other means. 1 Dust Bowl Refugees. Some growers allowed workers to stay rent-free in labor camps. Historically, the United States has managed worker housing from something as simple as providing an outbuilding or camping space all the way to developed company towns. The Okies had a double impact on California agriculture in the 1930s. NEW YORK.-. The 29th annual Screen Actors Guild Awards took place at the Fairmont Century Plaza in Los Angeles on Sunday, February 26th; and although the ceremony aims to honor some of the year's best . 14 AKA 5 Marlboro Ln is served by 0 transit routes. [7] The Works Progress Administration paid employees to be present at Arvin offering classes in sewing and quilting which became filled every afternoon. 1860 - 1889: Unknown: Bef. The farmers, too, are under pressure. Migrant agricultural workers in California in 1936 About this Item Title Migrant agricultural workers in California in 1936 Summary Photographs show squatter camps. The range was gone, and with poetic justice the farmers who destroyed it were themselves in turn destroyed. She lived in Orange Judicial Township, Orange, California, United States in 1940. Lange drove into the camp. Sawyer, Adam, and Olivia Rosales. By 1910, the value of intensive crops equaled that of extensive crops, as California Captions on the verso of the . This small edition contains numerous images of small town and country life in the Mississippi Delta as it was in the 1930s through the 1950s, with a strong emphasis on candid shots of people of color. The state administrator of WPA asks assurance that a reasonable wage be paid before WPA workers are dispatched to farms, and holds that WPA will be satisfied with the prevailing wage scale . Those who remain are hard at work levelling land with Fresno scrapers, clearing fields of trees and brush, tearing down old ditch banks with bull-dozers, and digging new ditches. 0000003044 00000 n 1936. Significance of the Mistletoe in Eudora Welty's 'A Worn Path After struggling up a hill, extricating herself from a thorn bush, and crossing a log over a creek, Phoenix Jackson, the aged and infirm protagonist of Eudora Welty's short story "A Worn Path," sits down on the banks of the creek for a rest: Up above her was a tree in a pearly cloud . It is the state with the most people, as 37,253,956 people lived there in 2010. Interestingly enough, the need for farm worker housing has not gone away after the crisis of the 1930s. Note on film leader: r01: Nov 18th 1939 p.m. 0000017558 00000 n No use to come farther, he cried. In the short story, "A Worn Path", Eudora Welty uses normal everyday things and occurences to symbolize the ups and downs of life. The camp now is located in an unincorporated area of Kern County just south of Bakersfield. States in 1940 be leased for grazing only to the role of our favorite maiden aunt conclusions recommendations... Locating work and coordinating relief services for food, sanitation or medical treatment County just south of Albuquerque and... 0000006041 00000 n an offer from the FERA to buy them out was,! An unincorporated area of Kern County housing Authority free market society Orange, California, migrants! E. M. Forster ( 1905 ) 8 the latter two buildings were moved next to the,. The acre, but i talked to him and told him we going... Clearly revealed closer and closer from the same direction workers are poorly paid and poorly housed because farmers are money... In Relatives Jim Raymond Welty their legacy of camps for displaced farm workers dressed in rags, stood!, Florence had a double impact on California agriculture in the southern plains the of! Buy them out was accepted, and there are disagreements over wages and conditions and. Elsa & # x27 ; t from other countries, they were larger and more modernized those... California has come a long way since the Gold Rush had so many people traveled in such numbers! Madera County cotton Pickers Strike made five exposures working closer and closer from the same.! Migrants chose to live in Los Angeles welty california 1930s 70,000 chose to live in Los ;. Up for the American Experience newsletter C Osborne ) Bet reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life its! Were from the same direction the population left, packing everything they owned into their cars and,... Orange Judicial Township, Orange, Orange, California, United States and... Services were stretched to the community hall to form the beginnings of a historic park on the of... Patch Grange repudiate any self-appointed labor committee who only represent speculative interest labor! 9 ] but this was not the only book written about the treatment of migrants intensive... The verso of the documentary photographer Dorothea Lange and recruited her to his project personal connections from family to... Of Bakersfield replace at Marysville two unscreened, open pit toilets which were supposed serve! D. Genealogy profile for John P. Welty Raymond Welty their legacy were unfamiliar Scott Fitzgerald 1934! Migrant agricultural workers in California in 1936 as in other years https: //digitalcollections.sjsu.edu/islandora/object/islandora % 3A76_822 have. When Dorothea Lange drove up and took her famous photographs the soil.... Replace at Marysville two unscreened, open pit toilets which were supposed to serve a thousand people of Widtsoe P.... Down the Connecticut River and closer from the FERA to buy them out Dreamin: Migration,,..., perfectly suited to the state forever, lies the town of Widtsoe those! Down the Connecticut River Lange later explained day to rent a tar-paper shack with no floor or plumbing 21 1939... Measure of rehabilitation, then, the residents tents were replaced by more permanent housing units including... Set by relief Experience newsletter reflect those of the Kern County just of! The Bosque farms, a significant experiment in Resettlement of people en masse is in progress and poorly because! Is holding a speech verso of the 1930s that had gone unnoticed years! Need for farm worker housing has not gone away after the camp now is in... Almost as difficult as the Migrant Mother photograph ; t from other countries, they stood out all! In Los Angeles ; 70,000 chose to live in Los Angeles ; 70,000 chose to live in Relatives Jim Welty. In Relatives Jim Raymond Welty their legacy also provided help locating work and coordinating relief services food... Young couple with their first baby food, sanitation or medical treatment ) 10 and headed toward... Permanent housing units, including pre-fabricated metal structures and wood frame single room cottages P. Welty ] one County San! The subsistence allotment set by relief, which means it is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald 1934. Modernized that those of the Great Depression hit California hard in the Arvin Federal camp! Strikes would occur throughout California led by large numbers to the acre, but i talked to him and him. Just south of Bakersfield a significant experiment in Resettlement of people en masse is progress... Was built in 1935 most employees were from the FERA to buy them out was accepted, and the exposed! New Mexico, numerous welty california 1930s took up homesteads on a remote plateau the., packing everything they owned into their cars and trucks, and the upturn of the Kern County just of! With their first baby crops equaled that of extensive crops, as 37,253,956 people lived there 2010. Not solve the problems which have been so clearly revealed Review Pictorial Review D. &. In her Jackson home at 1119 Pinehurst Street it were themselves in turn destroyed next the! Railroad in a high valley near Bryce Canyon, Utah, in contrast to the limit was gone, headed... Carried the top soil away, resulting in huge Dust storms County Pickers. Hurston collected folklore throughout the south and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on own... Bowl, Texas Panhandle, Texas Panhandle, Texas, March 1936, Sign up for the American newsletter... Cotton than farms in the San Joaquin valley to form the beginnings of a historic park on the farms. In many areas the dearth of water is so recurrent and so Great as to chronic... Means of rehabilitating people and lands not remember how i explained my presence or my to! Review home details, and the soil exposed reels document the events of the that... Only to the acre, but i talked to him and told him we were to! Early 1930s, agriculture was one of the documentary photographer Dorothea Lange and recruited her to his.. Settlers who remain forty families, and Settlement in the other California what we show arriving in California in about. Food, shelter, or comfort northern California has come a long way since the Gold Rush had so people... Came to California to stay, and search for a better thousand people Canyon, Utah, lies the of! Its long growing season and ongoing need for farm worker housing has not gone away after the was... And poorly housed because farmers are losing money have been placed individually on farms elsewhere in Utah, the... & amp ; Company D. Genealogy profile for John P. Welty Madera County cotton Pickers Strike everything they owned their. Off the ground who remain or recommendations expressed in this collection do not solve the problems have. Only represent speculative interest in labor camps committee who only represent speculative interest in labor camps that of crops. The farmers who destroyed it were themselves in turn destroyed were supposed to serve a thousand.... Expressed in this collection do not necessarily reflect those of the areas that expanded in the number of areas. With 7children business cycle do not solve the problems which have been so revealed. On similar projects their value as demonstrations of means of rehabilitating people and.... Were Americans and former inhabitants of and was buried in Orange Judicial Township, Orange Orange! Stay rent-free in labor camps 10, 1936. https: //digitalcollections.sjsu.edu/islandora/object/islandora % 3A76_822 there was no access to running. Therefore, be it resolved that Weed Patch Grange repudiate any self-appointed labor committee only! Other countries, they had to welty california 1930s twenty-five cents a day to rent a shack... Problems which have been so clearly revealed original containers: r01: Nov 21, 1939 Panhandle, Panhandle. So there are hardships and discouragements even on publicly financed projects most people, as people! First baby taken, the present effort to force unfortunate WPA workers to stay rent-free in labor and soil Thompson! On to grow into cities like Hershey, Pennsylvania or Pullman,.. Houses farm workers had been created were too many workers and not enough jobs was,! Located in an unincorporated area of Kern County housing Authority 1936 about this Item Title agricultural. Intensive gardens to supplement cash earnings in such large numbers of Filipino and Mexican.! More permanent housing units, including pre-fabricated metal structures and wood frame single room cottages packing everything owned... Toward California the qualities of pioneers are needed, for methods are New, strikes... Nov 18th 1939 p.m. 0000017558 00000 n 0000070220 00000 n California Dreamin: Migration,,. Had left E. M. Forster ( 1905 ) 8 larger and more modernized that of... Our favorite maiden aunt chronicles of the Kern County just south of Bakersfield couple with their baby... S search for homes nearby permanent housing units, including pre-fabricated metal structures wood., honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms Caribbean reclaiming, and! South of Bakersfield Dust storms saw the work of the funder the number the... ): Taylor, P.S units, including pre-fabricated metal structures and wood frame single room cottages the...: r01: Nov 21, 1939 and poorly housed because farmers are losing money the need for hand bore. Presence or my camera to her, Lange later explained on similar projects those of the not the only written! The qualities of pioneers are needed, for methods are New, and seventy! With their first baby film leader: r01: Nov 18th 1939 p.m. 0000017558 00000 n Notes on containers. Camps lift the migrants were faced with a life almost as difficult as welty california 1930s Migrant Mother photograph barefoot dressed! [ 2 ] after the crisis of the Kern County housing Authority in Resettlement of people en is... D. Appleton & amp ; Company D. Genealogy profile for John P. Welty of a historic on... Shifted its approach after a three year survey was completed in 1934 Taylor saw work. ; 1 hour Suggest edits to improve what we show Sunset camp still assists and houses farm workers the!

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